海南香荚兰产业化发展种植模式探讨

通过介绍香荚兰生长的环境条件、开花结荚习性和国外香荚兰发展的成功经验,分析海南发展香荚兰的利弊因子和现有种植模式的投资概算,探讨一种投资少发展快、效益高的种植模式,以促进海南香荚兰生产的产业化高效发展。     

Expression Patterns of the Serine Protease Gene AlSP 3 in Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae) at Different Temperatures

As an important digestive enzyme gene, the serine protease gene AlSP 3 plays a key role in Apolygus lucorum for digesting conventional cotton. To understand the effect of different temperatures on the expression level of AlSP 3, we analyzed the expression patterns of AlSP 3 in A. lucorum reared at different temperatures using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that at the normal temperature of 24 ℃, the expression of AlSP 3 in A .lucorum at different nymphal stages was similar. The expressions of AlSP 3 in the female adult at the pre-mating stage and the male adult at post-mating stage were 19.71- and 7.16-fold higher than their control at the 1^st nymphal stage, respectively, which were significantly higher than at any other stages. However, expression in the 4^th to 5^th A. lucorum at the nymphal stage increased with rising temperature in the range of 21～30 ℃. At 30 ℃, the expression of AlSP 3 in the 2nd to 5^th A. lucorum was the highest. The expression levels of AlSP 3 in adult A. lucorum reared at different temperatures during the new emergence and pre-mating stages were significantly higher than that of the control reared at 24 ℃ (P < 0.01), while the expression during the post-mating stage at 18℃ was higher than that at other temperatures. When incubated at extreme temperatures (4 ℃ and 40 ℃), the expression of AlSP 3 in female and male adult A. lucorum was significantly higher than that at 24 ℃ (P < 0.01). Taken together, our results showed that the external environment temperature and the internal stage of A. lucorum or its sex all had significant effects on the expression of AlSP 3 in A. lucorum (P < 0.01), and that there was some interactions between them. Therefore, AlSP 3 is very important for the female adult A. lucorum to obtain nutrition at the early stages and temperature is an important limiting factor for the expression of AlSP 3.     

我国淡水养殖业发展的空间变化影响因素分析

在陆地农业资源退化和人口总量上升的双重压迫下,淡水养殖有望成为支撑我国居民口粮供给的另一支柱产业。基于2007-2014年我国省域淡水养殖面板数据,探寻了我国淡水养殖区域的格局变化,利用全局Moran’s I指数考察淡水养殖区的空间相关性,并通过构建空间杜宾面板模型分析了产业格局变化的影响因素。研究表明:1我国淡水养殖业呈现出"东南热、西北冷"的特点,省域间的空间相关性逐年显著;2淡水养殖资金投入增加、养殖面积扩大、区域经济发展水平提升会对淡水养殖量有正向的作用,体现我国淡水养殖业由粗放经营向集约化经营的转变;3淡水养殖面积负间接效应反映"过度养殖"和环境污染对淡水资源的破坏会减缓淡水养殖业的发展;4淡水养殖业发展和城镇化的进程之间不矛盾,在未来可以稳定持续地提供淡水产品,成为国家粮食安全和食品安全重要保障。最后从合理规划淡水养殖区域格局、平衡省份间技术推广资金投入和加强对水资源污染的监管3个方面提出了推动淡水养殖业发展的政策建议。     

玉米秸秆反季栽培双孢蘑菇技术

以玉米秸秆为原料,利用北方日光温室进行反季栽培双孢蘑菇技术试验。试验结果表明,采用夏季发酵培养料、秋季播种、秋冬季节出菇的反季栽培双孢蘑菇技术模式,与北方气候条件基本吻合,再利用日光温室进行出菇,可减少能源消耗。在日光温室条件下用玉米秸秆作主料栽培双孢蘑菇,每平方米产双孢蘑菇10～15kg,可提高菇农的种植效益。栽培后产生的废料还可肥田和改良土壤理化性状,使生物转化率达40%以上。     

Spatial and non-spatial risk factors associated with cage-level distribution of infectious salmon anaemia at three Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms in Maine, USA

The distribution of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) was examined among 80 cages from three Atlantic salmon grow-out farms in Maine, USA that were stocked with smolts from a single hatchery. Cage-level disease was broadly defined as one or more moribund fish testing positive for infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) by RT-PCR and a second confirmatory test (IFAT, culture or genotype sequence). Spatio-temporal and cage-level risks were explored using logistic regression and survival analysis. Non-spatial risk factors associated with ISA, or shortened survival time to disease, included increased predation, trucking company choice for smolt transfers, a finely-sedimented benthic substrate, and smaller average size of smolts at stocking. Univariable analysis identified the time-dependent spatial factor 'adjacency to newly infected cages' to be predictive of new infection in neighbouring cages 11-12 weeks later. However, none of the spatial factors, or their lags retained relevance in multiple-variable models. The results suggest a diffuse distribution of virus exposure throughout infected sites, with host-susceptibility factors probably influencing disease manifestation in individual cages. The narrow focus of the current study may limit application of the findings to other sites and year-classes. However, these data support the relevance of husbandry efforts to optimize fish health in regions affected by ISAV.     

基于图像处理的杂草叶片识别参数研究

杂草种类繁多、危害严重,对杂草种类进行精确识别,可以提高除草效率,减少除草剂使用量,降低其对环境的污染.为此,应用图像处理的有关技术,以杂草叶片为研究对象,以形态、纹理和颜色特征相结合的方法来描述杂草叶片信息,提出了共16个特征参数可对杂草叶片信息进行精确描述,该特征参数可区别不同种类的杂草,为农药的精确投放和现代施药装备的开发奠定基础.     

麦套春棉麦棉共生期水分变化动态研究

１９９２～１９９３年对麦套春棉麦棉共生期水分变化动态进行了研究。两年试验结果表明，４种套种方式共生期田间持水量变化动态均表现为：棉行间＞棉株间＞麦棉行间＞麦行间；在试验范围内麦棉间距≥０３０ｍ时，无论麦收前有无自然降雨，棉行间、棉株间持水量与纯作棉田（ＣＫ）差异不显著，而麦棉行间、麦行间持水量显著低于ＣＫ；３—２式和４—２式用水较为经济；套种田与ＣＫ持水量等同点分布区集中在距小麦边行０３０～０４０ｍ处，各套种方式麦棉间距以０３０ｍ为宜。     

粤北地区 3 种生境红火蚁蚁丘分布及影响因素

【目的】研究红火蚁在粤北地区不同生境中红火蚁蚁丘的分布特征,为该虫的监测、防治提供科学依据。【方法】采用样方方法调查3种生境(荒地、田埂、草坪)红火蚁蚁丘的密度和大小,采用聚集度指标法和Taylor幂函数回归模型对蚁丘的空间分布型进行研究,并对荒地生境蚁丘密度和植物多样性进行相关性分析。【结果】田埂蚁丘密度明显高于荒地和草坪,高达18.67个/100 m~2,超过草坪生境蚁丘密度的10倍;荒地、田埂和草坪生境蚁丘基部周长相差不明显,但荒地生境蚁巢高度明显高于田埂和草坪;通过聚集度指标和Taylor幂函数来看,荒地和田埂生境蚁丘多表现为均匀分布或随机分布,而草坪生境蚁丘多表现为聚集分布;研究发现粤北地区红火蚁入侵并未造成荒地生境植物多样性下降。【结论】受人为干扰等因素影响,红火蚁在粤北地区不同生境发生程度由重到轻依次为田埂、荒地、草坪;蚁丘在荒地和田埂上多呈均匀分布或随机分布,在草坪上多呈聚集分布,这种分布差异主要是由人为干扰和红火蚁筑巢习性共同引起的;红火蚁蚁丘密度与荒地中植物多样性呈正相关趋势,但相关性不显著。     

人工养殖山女鳟幼鱼的生长特性

于2004年5月30日-2005年2月30日对人工养殖条件下山女鳟(Oncorhynchus masou masou)的生长特性进行观察,观察阶段为山女鳟初孵鱼苗至11月龄。实验期间水温为自然常温(4.7~16.8℃)。结果表明:在这一生长阶段,山女鳟体质量瞬时增长率与水温变化有关,体质量增长量和增长率随水温的升高而加快,高峰出现在5月龄(2004年8月),水温为16.83℃,但山女鳟的最适生长温度还有待进一步研究确定;体质量增长量、相对增长率与体质量瞬时增长率的变化相一致;山女鳟的生长指标和生长常数在人工养殖条件下变化一致,并显现出规律性;从体长和体质量之间的关系可认为山女鳟幼鱼阶段体长和体质量的生长基本同步,生长式型为匀速生长;山女鳟幼鱼阶段的肥满度与水温变化不一致,随着月龄的变化而波动;饲料的营养配比满足不了各个生长期的营养需求,因此,对山女鳟营养需求及配合饲料的研制还有待进一步的研究。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):160-164]     

水稻磷酸核酮糖激酶基因OsPRK克隆、亚细胞定位与诱导表达分析

为探究水稻磷酸核酮糖激酶基因OsPRK在水稻诱导抗虫反应中的功能,以水稻秀水110为材料克隆OsPRK基因的全长,通过生物信息学软件分析其序列特征,并应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析OsPRK基因在水稻不同组织中的分布情况以及在虫害诱导、激素和机械损伤处理水稻中的表达特征。结果显示,水稻OsPRK基因序列全长为1 212 bp,编码403个氨基酸,分子量为44.86 kD,具有1个磷酸核酮糖激酶保守结构域。OsPRK蛋白亚细胞定位结果显示其定位于叶绿体。OsPRK基因在水稻中的表达具有组织特异性,其在内叶、外叶、内叶鞘、外叶鞘和根系这5个组织中相对于内参基因ACTIN的表达量分别为35.83、20.53、6.25、3.21和0.03。与对照相比,二化螟Chilo suppressalis为害能够强烈抑制水稻茎秆中OsPRK基因的表达;褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens怀卵雌成虫为害1.5、24 h、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera怀卵雌成虫为害1、8、24 h以及机械损伤处理3、6、24 h均能显著诱导水稻茎秆中OsPRK基因的表达;而OsPRK基因的表达量在茉莉酸处理6、12 h时以及水杨酸处理0.5、1.5 h时被显著抑制,在茉莉酸处理48 h和水杨酸处理24 h时被显著诱导。表明OsPRK基因可能参与了水稻对害虫的诱导防御反应。